Let's begin by reviewing our objective.
Our goal is to create a Python script using Turtle graphics that draws three identical, small squares (e.g., side length 30) side-by-side horizontally. We will use a single for loop and range() to repeat the logic. In each iteration of the loop, your script should draw one complete square and then move the turtle to the correct starting position for the next square.
Next, we'll run pytest to see the failing tests. This confirms the engineering specification we need to meet.
Run the tests now.
Test Results:
test_draw_multiple_squares_logicNow, let's build the solution by following the TODO comments in the skeleton code.
for Loop with range()With the code in place, let's run the tests again to validate our work.
Run the tests now.
Test Results:
test_draw_multiple_squares_logic
All tests passed!Loops are fundamental programming constructs that allow a block of code to be executed repeatedly. This is essential for automating tasks, processing sequences of data, and creating repetitive patterns in graphics.
for Loop with range()The for loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence (like a list, tuple, string, or range). The range() function is commonly used with for loops to repeat an action a specific number of times.
Basic Syntax:
for variable in sequence:
# Code block to be repeated
# This code is indented
# Code outside the loop (not repeated)
Using range(stop):
range(stop) generates a sequence of numbers starting from 0, up to (but not including) the stop number.
# This loop will run 5 times, with 'i' taking values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
for i in range(5):
print(i)
Using range(start, stop):
range(start, stop) generates a sequence of numbers starting from start, up to (but not including) the stop number.
# This loop will run 3 times, with 'j' taking values 2, 3, 4
for j in range(2, 5):
print(j)
Repeating an Action a Fixed Number of Times:
If the loop variable itself is not needed within the loop, it's common practice to use an underscore _ as the variable name.
# This loop will run 3 times, printing the message each time
for _ in range(3):
print("Hello!")
Loops are particularly effective with Turtle graphics for drawing repetitive shapes and patterns efficiently. Instead of writing the same drawing commands multiple times, a loop can execute them repeatedly.
Basic Turtle Setup:
To use Turtle graphics, you need to import the module and create a Turtle object.
import turtle
# Create a turtle object (often called 'pen' or 'artist')
my_turtle = turtle.Turtle()
# Optional: Adjust speed (0 is fastest, 1-10 are slow to fast)
# my_turtle.speed(0)
# Optional: Hide the turtle icon
# my_turtle.hideturtle()
# Optional: Keep the window open (usually at the end of the script)
# turtle.done()
Basic Movement and Drawing Commands:
forward(distance): Moves the turtle forward by distance.backward(distance): Moves the turtle backward by distance.left(angle): Turns the turtle left by angle degrees.right(angle): Turns the turtle right by angle degrees.penup(): Lifts the pen up, so movement does not draw.pendown(): Puts the pen down, so movement draws.goto(x, y): Moves the turtle to the absolute position (x, y).circle(radius): Draws a circle with the given radius.Repeating Drawing Actions: A loop can repeat the commands needed to draw a simple shape.
import turtle
pen = turtle.Turtle()
# Draw a square using a loop
side_length = 100
for _ in range(4): # A square has 4 sides
pen.forward(side_length)
pen.left(90) # Turn 90 degrees for a square
# turtle.done()
Drawing Multiple Identical Shapes:
A for loop can repeat the drawing commands for a single shape multiple times, with movement commands in between to position each new shape.
import turtle
pen = turtle.Turtle()
pen.speed(0) # Fastest speed
shape_size = 40
spacing = 10
# Draw two triangles side-by-side
for _ in range(2): # Repeat 2 times for 2 triangles
# Draw one triangle (3 sides, 120 degree turns)
for _ in range(3):
pen.forward(shape_size)
pen.left(120)
# Move to the next position without drawing
pen.penup()
pen.forward(shape_size + spacing) # Move horizontally
pen.pendown()
# turtle.done()
Drawing Regular Polygons:
Loops simplify drawing regular polygons by repeating the actions of drawing a side and turning. The external angle for any regular polygon is 360 / number_of_sides.
import turtle
pen = turtle.Turtle()
num_sides = 5 # For a pentagon
side_length = 80
angle = 360 / num_sides # Calculate the external angle
# Draw the polygon
for _ in range(num_sides):
pen.forward(side_length)
pen.left(angle) # Turn by the calculated external angle
# turtle.done()
Drawing Shapes with Changing Properties: The loop variable can be used within the loop to dynamically alter properties of the shapes being drawn, such as size or position.
import turtle
pen = turtle.Turtle()
pen.speed(0)
pen.hideturtle()
# Draw circles with increasing radii
base_radius = 10
num_circles = 4
for i in range(num_circles):
current_radius = base_radius * (i + 1) # Radius increases: 10, 20, 30, 40
# Position for concentric circles (move to bottom edge)
pen.penup()
pen.goto(0, -current_radius)
pen.pendown()
pen.circle(current_radius)
# turtle.done()
Creating Growing Patterns (Spirals): By systematically modifying a movement or drawing parameter (like line length) in each iteration, growing patterns like spirals can be created.
import turtle
pen = turtle.Turtle()
# pen.speed(0) # Optional: faster drawing
initial_step = 5
num_segments = 15
turn_angle = 90 # For a square spiral
for i in range(num_segments):
# Calculate distance: 5 * (0+1)=5, 5*(1+1)=10, ..., 5*(14+1)=75
distance = initial_step * (i + 1)
pen.forward(distance)
pen.right(turn_angle)
# turtle.done()
Drawing Complex Shapes (Stars):
Leveraging for loops with specific angle calculations allows for drawing complex, non-convex geometric shapes like stars through repeated line-and-turn sequences. For a 5-pointed star, the external turn angle is 144 degrees.
import turtle
pen = turtle.Turtle()
num_points = 5
side_length = 100
star_angle = 144 # Specific angle for a 5-pointed star
# Draw the star
for _ in range(num_points):
pen.forward(side_length)
pen.right(star_angle)
# turtle.done()
Nested Loops: One loop can be placed inside another loop. The inner loop completes all its iterations for each single iteration of the outer loop. This is useful for drawing patterns like grids.
# Example of nested loops printing coordinates
for row in range(2): # Outer loop runs 2 times (row 0, row 1)
for col in range(3): # Inner loop runs 3 times for *each* row iteration
print(f"Row {row}, Col {col}")
# Output:
# Row 0, Col 0
# Row 0, Col 1
# Row 0, Col 2
# Row 1, Col 0
# Row 1, Col 1
# Row 1, Col 2
In Turtle graphics, nested loops can be used to repeat a shape-drawing process (inner loop) multiple times while moving the turtle between shapes (outer loop).
# Sketch: Drawing a row of shapes using nested loops
# Outer loop: Repeat for each shape in the row
# Inner loop: Draw one complete shape (e.g., a square)
# Move turtle to the start position of the next shape
